What Does a Bladder Scanner Do?
A bladder scanner is a medical device that is specifically designed to measure the volume of urine in the bladder non-invasively. It uses ultrasound technology to provide accurate and real-time measurements, eliminating the need for invasive procedures such as catheterization. This innovative tool has revolutionized the way healthcare professionals monitor and manage bladder-related conditions.
The primary function of a bladder scanner is to assess bladder volume, which is crucial in determining various aspects of a patient’s urinary health. Doctors and nurses use this information to diagnose and treat a range of conditions, including urinary retention, urinary incontinence, and urinary tract infections.
By collecting precise measurements of bladder volume, a bladder scanner helps healthcare providers make informed decisions regarding patient care. It allows them to determine the appropriate course of treatment, whether that involves adjusting medication, performing catheterization, or recommending lifestyle changes.
Moreover, bladder scanners are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of any interventions or treatments being administered. By conducting regular scans, healthcare professionals can monitor the progress of a patient’s bladder function and make adjustments if necessary.
Another important role of a bladder scanner is in the field of urology. Urologists rely on bladder scans to assess the bladder capacity and residual urine volume in patients with conditions such as overactive bladder or benign prostatic hyperplasia. These measurements help guide treatment plans and assist in evaluating the success of surgical procedures.
Overall, the main purpose of a bladder scanner is to provide accurate and non-invasive measurements of bladder volume. This information is vital for diagnosing and managing various urinary conditions, optimizing patient care, and improving treatment outcomes.
Bladder Scanners Explained
Bladder scanners, also known as bladder ultrasound devices, are innovative medical tools that utilize ultrasound technology to accurately measure the volume of urine in the bladder. They offer a non-invasive and convenient alternative to traditional methods of assessing bladder volume. Here’s how bladder scanners work:
Bladder scanners operate by emitting high-frequency sound waves into the body. These sound waves bounce off the bladder walls and return to the scanner, where they are converted into images. The scanner then uses these images to calculate the volume of urine present in the bladder.
Modern bladder scanners are typically handheld devices that are user-friendly and portable. They are equipped with a probe that is gently placed on the lower abdomen, above the pubic bone. The scanner operator can then adjust settings and initiate the scanning process with the press of a button.
During the scanning procedure, the bladder scanner displays a real-time image of the bladder on a screen. This image allows the operator to visualize the bladder and ensure proper alignment of the probe. The scanner then calculates the volume based on the dimensions of the bladder and the sound wave reflections.
Bladder scanners are designed to provide quick and accurate measurements, typically within a matter of seconds. The results are displayed on the scanner’s screen in both numerical and graphical formats, allowing healthcare professionals to easily interpret and analyze the data.
Additionally, some bladder scanners offer additional features such as the ability to store patient data, track changes in bladder volume over time, and generate comprehensive reports for documentation purposes.
It is worth noting that bladder scanners are considered safe and comfortable for patients. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and does not involve any radiation exposure.
Principle of Operation
The principle of operation behind bladder scanners lies in the use of ultrasound technology. Ultrasound waves are sound waves with frequencies higher than what the human ear can detect. These waves can penetrate through soft tissues, reflecting off different structures within the body and creating a detailed image.
When a bladder scan is performed, the handheld device emits ultrasound waves that travel through the skin and into the abdominal area. As the waves encounter the bladder, they bounce back and are detected by the scanner’s sensor. The scanner then analyzes the returning waves to generate an image of the bladder.
The scanner uses the information from the reflected ultrasound waves to calculate the bladder volume accurately. It measures the distance between the bladder walls and the probe, as well as the shape and dimensions of the bladder. By combining this data, the scanner software computes the bladder volume using sophisticated algorithms.
One common method used in bladder scanners is the three-dimensional (3D) volume measurement technique. The scanner takes multiple measurements from different angles to create a 3D image of the bladder. This method enhances the accuracy of volume calculations by precisely capturing the shape and contours of the bladder.
Bladder scanners may also incorporate real-time imaging capabilities, allowing the operator to monitor the scanning process dynamically. This feature enables adjustments in probe positioning and ensures optimal alignment with the bladder for accurate measurements.
Some bladder scanners offer features such as automatic detection of bladder boundaries, eliminating the need for manual tracing. This automation reduces the potential for operator error and enhances the efficiency of the scanning procedure.
Overall, the principle of operation for bladder scanners is based on the transmission and reception of ultrasound waves, combined with advanced algorithms to calculate bladder volume. By utilizing this technology, healthcare professionals can obtain accurate and reliable measurements without the need for invasive procedures.
Role in Urology
Bladder scanners play a crucial role in the field of urology, offering valuable insights into bladder function, volume, and urinary health. Urologists rely on bladder scans to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of various urological conditions.
One of the primary applications of bladder scanners in urology is the assessment of bladder capacity. Bladder scans provide urologists with precise measurements of the volume of urine the bladder can hold. This information is essential for determining the appropriate management strategies for conditions such as overactive bladder and urinary incontinence.
Bladder scanners are particularly useful in evaluating patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is a common condition affecting men, causing the enlargement of the prostate gland and subsequent urinary symptoms. By assessing bladder volume and residual urine, urologists can determine the severity of BPH and develop personalized treatment plans.
Bladder scanners are also valuable in the postoperative monitoring of patients who have undergone urological surgeries. For example, after a prostatectomy, the bladder needs time to heal and regain its normal function. Bladder scans can detect any issues, such as urinary retention or incomplete bladder emptying, allowing urologists to intervene promptly and prevent complications.
Furthermore, bladder scanners aid in the evaluation of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Neurologic conditions, such as spinal cord injuries or multiple sclerosis, can disrupt normal bladder control and lead to urinary retention. Bladder scans assist urologists in understanding the extent of the neurological impairment and guiding treatment decisions, including the use of intermittent catheterization.
Another critical aspect of a bladder scanner’s role in urology is the ability to monitor the efficacy of treatments. Urologists can track changes in bladder volume over time to evaluate whether medication, behavioral modifications, or surgical interventions are having the desired effect. This feedback is valuable in adjusting treatment plans and ensuring optimal patient outcomes.
Importance in Catheterization
Bladder scanners play a crucial role in the process of catheterization, bringing numerous benefits to both healthcare professionals and patients. Catheterization is a common medical procedure where a thin tube (catheter) is inserted into the bladder to drain urine.
One of the primary uses of bladder scanners in catheterization is to determine the need for catheterization. By measuring bladder volume, healthcare professionals can assess whether a patient’s bladder is adequately emptying or if catheterization is necessary to prevent urinary retention or related complications.
Bladder scanners also help in determining the appropriate catheter size. The volume of the bladder can indicate the capacity required for the catheter, ensuring proper drainage without discomfort or complications. By accurately determining bladder volume, healthcare professionals can select the most suitable catheter size for each patient, improving their comfort and minimizing the risk of complications.
In addition, bladder scanners aid in guiding the insertion of the catheter. The real-time imaging provided by the scanner enables healthcare professionals to visualize the bladder and position the catheter correctly. This helps ensure accurate and successful catheter placement, reducing the risk of complications such as discomfort, trauma, or infection.
Bladder scanners also assist in post-catheterization monitoring. After catheter insertion, healthcare professionals can use the bladder scanner to assess bladder volume and residual urine. This information helps determine if the catheter is effectively draining urine and if any adjustments or interventions are needed.
By using bladder scanners in catheterization, healthcare professionals can minimize the discomfort and potential complications associated with catheter insertion. Additionally, the non-invasive nature of bladder scanning reduces the risk of infection and enhances patient comfort during the process.
The importance of bladder scanners in catheterization is evident in their ability to improve patient care, optimize catheter selection and placement, and facilitate post-catheterization monitoring. These devices bring efficiency and accuracy to catheterization procedures, ultimately benefiting both healthcare professionals and patients alike.
Advantages Over Traditional Methods
Bladder scanners offer several advantages over traditional methods of assessing bladder volume and managing urinary conditions. These advantages have transformed the way healthcare professionals approach bladder-related care and have significantly improved patient outcomes. Here are some key advantages of bladder scanners:
Non-Invasive: One of the most significant advantages of bladder scanners is that they offer a non-invasive alternative to invasive procedures like catheterization. Instead of inserting a catheter into the bladder to measure its volume, bladder scanners utilize ultrasound technology to provide accurate measurements externally. This non-invasive approach reduces patient discomfort, eliminates the risk of infection, and enhances the overall patient experience.
Accurate and Real-Time Measurements: Bladder scanners produce precise and real-time measurements of bladder volume. They utilize advanced ultrasound technology and sophisticated algorithms to calculate volume accurately. These measurements support healthcare professionals in making informed decisions regarding patient care, helping them diagnose and manage conditions such as urinary retention, urinary incontinence, and bladder abnormalities.
Time-Saving: Traditional methods of bladder volume assessment, such as catheterization, can be time-consuming and require additional resources like sterile equipment and trained personnel. In contrast, bladder scanning is a quick and efficient process that can be performed by healthcare professionals at the bedside. Not only does this save time for both healthcare professionals and patients, but it also streamlines the overall workflow in healthcare facilities.
Reduced Discomfort and Infection Risk: Traditional methods, such as catheterization, can cause discomfort and carry the risk of infection. Bladder scanners eliminate the need for invasive procedures, reducing associated discomfort and the potential for infection. By preventing unnecessary catheterization, bladder scanners contribute to improved patient comfort and well-being.
Improved Patient Satisfaction: The non-invasive nature of bladder scanning, along with its speed and accuracy, significantly enhances patient satisfaction. Patients appreciate the convenience, reduced discomfort, and reduced risk of complications associated with bladder scanning. This leads to a better overall patient experience and increased satisfaction with their healthcare encounters.
Overall, bladder scanners offer numerous advantages over traditional methods of assessing bladder volume and managing urinary conditions. Their non-invasive nature, accurate measurements, time-saving capabilities, reduced discomfort and infection risk, and improved patient satisfaction make them invaluable tools in healthcare settings.
Limitations of Bladder Scanners
While bladder scanners offer several advantages in assessing bladder volume and managing urinary conditions, they also have certain limitations that need to be considered. Understanding these limitations is crucial for healthcare professionals to utilize bladder scanners effectively and interpret the results accurately. Here are some common limitations of bladder scanners:
Operator Skill and Training: Operating a bladder scanner requires proper training and expertise to ensure accurate measurements. Inexperienced or untrained operators may encounter difficulties in obtaining reliable results. Training on proper positioning, probe alignment, and interpreting the images is essential to overcome this limitation.
Obese Patients: Bladder scanners may encounter challenges when scanning obese patients. The layers of subcutaneous fat can hinder the penetration and accuracy of ultrasound waves, leading to less precise measurements. Extra care and alternative methods may be required to obtain accurate results in this patient population.
Bladder Geometry and Shape: Bladder scanners assume a standard bladder shape and geometry when calculating the volume. However, individual bladder shapes can vary, which may affect the accuracy of the measurements. Unusual bladder shapes or pathologies like bladder diverticula can present challenges for bladder scanners to provide accurate volume calculations.
Residual Urine: Bladder scanners may not detect small amounts of residual urine in the bladder. In some cases, a small volume of urine may remain after voiding, which can lead to slight inaccuracies in the volume measurements. It is important for healthcare professionals to consider this possibility when interpreting the results from a bladder scan.
Patient Cooperation and Positioning: Patient cooperation is necessary for accurate bladder scanning. Patients need to follow instructions, stay still, and maintain a proper position during the scanning process. Movement or improper positioning can result in inaccurate measurements. This limitation can be overcome by clear instructions and communication with the patient during the procedure.
Cost and Availability: Bladder scanners, especially advanced models, can be costly to acquire and maintain. This can limit their availability in some healthcare settings or geographical areas. Cost considerations and budget constraints may influence the decision to utilize bladder scanners in certain healthcare facilities.
While bladder scanners offer numerous benefits, healthcare professionals should be aware of these limitations. Understanding the limitations helps ensure appropriate use of bladder scanners, interpret the results accurately, and make informed clinical decisions regarding patient care.
How to Use a Bladder Scanner
Using a bladder scanner correctly is essential to obtain accurate measurements and maximize the benefits of this valuable medical device. Here are the general steps involved in using a bladder scanner:
1. Prepare the Patient: Ensure that the patient is positioned comfortably, ideally in a supine or semi-supine position. Provide clear instructions to the patient, explaining the procedure and the need to remain still during the scanning process.
2. Prepare the Scanner: Turn on the bladder scanner and select the appropriate settings based on the patient’s age, gender, and clinical needs. Calibrate the scanner according to the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure accurate measurements.
3. Position the Scanner: Apply a generous amount of ultrasound gel to the probe’s transducer and place the probe gently on the lower abdomen, above the pubic bone. Ensure that the probe is aligned properly and in contact with the skin to allow for optimal imaging and sound wave transmission.
4. Initiate the Scan: Start the scanning process by pressing the designated button on the scanner. As the scanning begins, dynamically adjust the probe’s position if needed to obtain a clear image of the bladder on the scanner’s screen.
5. Capture the Image: Once a satisfactory image of the bladder is displayed on the screen, freeze the image to capture it. This frozen image will be used to calculate the bladder volume.
6. Analyze the Results: Analyze the bladder volume measurement displayed on the scanner’s screen. The measurement is usually provided as a numerical value and may be accompanied by a graphical representation. Interpret the results based on the patient’s clinical condition and compare them to normal reference ranges.
7. Document and Report: Document the bladder volume measurement and any relevant observations in the patient’s medical record. Consider generating a report if necessary for future reference or communication with other healthcare professionals.
8. Clean and Disinfect: Clean and disinfect the bladder scanner probe according to the manufacturer’s instructions and facility protocols. Ensure proper hygiene practices to prevent the transmission of infections.
It is important to note that these steps may vary slightly depending on the specific bladder scanner model and manufacturer. Healthcare professionals should always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions and receive proper training on using the particular bladder scanner in their healthcare facility.
Tips for Accurate Results
Obtaining accurate results when using a bladder scanner is crucial for reliable diagnosis and effective patient management. Here are some tips to ensure accurate measurements and improve the quality of bladder scanning:
1. Proper Probe Positioning: Ensure the bladder scanner’s probe is positioned correctly on the lower abdomen, just above the pubic bone. Proper alignment and contact with the skin are essential for optimal ultrasound wave transmission and accurate imaging.
2. Operator Training and Skill: Ensure that the scanner operator is adequately trained on using the specific bladder scanner model. Proper training helps in understanding the scanning procedure, probe handling, and interpreting the images accurately.
3. Patient Cooperation: Request patient cooperation during the scanning process to minimize movement and ensure stability. Instruct the patient to take deep breaths and relax to obtain more accurate measurements.
4. Consistent Scanning Technique: Maintain a consistent scanning technique to improve measurement consistency. This includes using the same probe pressure, scanning speed, and positioning for each scan. Consistency reduces variability and enhances the reliability of the measurements.
5. Empty the Bladder Before Scanning: Encourage patients to empty their bladder completely before the scanning procedure. An empty bladder provides a better baseline for accurate volume calculations and reduces the risk of residual urine affecting the measurements.
6. Target Different Angles: Scan the bladder from multiple angles to obtain comprehensive measurements. Scanning from different perspectives helps capture the entire bladder’s shape and size, enhancing the accuracy of the volume calculations.
7. Use Image Freeze: Utilize the image freeze function on the bladder scanner to capture a clear image of the bladder. This allows for accurate volume measurements and enables the operator to analyze the image in-depth before calculating the bladder volume.
8. Verify Consistency with Clinical Symptoms: Correlate the bladder volume measurements with the patient’s clinical symptoms. Consider factors such as urinary frequency, urgency, and the presence of other urological conditions to validate the accuracy of the results and guide treatment decisions.
9. Follow Manufacturer’s Guidelines: Always refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations for operating the specific bladder scanner model. Adhering to these guidelines ensures proper device usage, maintenance, and accurate results.
10. Regular Calibration and Maintenance: Regularly calibrate the bladder scanner as per the manufacturer’s instructions to maintain accuracy. Also, follow the recommended maintenance and cleaning protocols to ensure the optimal functioning of the device.
By following these tips, healthcare professionals can improve the accuracy and reliability of bladder scanner measurements, leading to more precise diagnosis and effective patient management.
Common Uses in Healthcare Facilities
Bladder scanners are widely used in various healthcare facilities to assess bladder volume and aid in the management of urinary conditions. They have become an essential tool in urology departments, hospitals, long-term care facilities, and other healthcare settings. Here are some common uses of bladder scanners in healthcare facilities:
1. Urinary Retention: Bladder scanners are frequently used to diagnose and manage urinary retention, which is the inability to completely empty the bladder. By measuring the residual urine volume, healthcare professionals can determine the need for interventions such as catheterization or medication adjustments.
2. Urinary Incontinence: Bladder scanners help in the assessment and treatment of urinary incontinence, which is the involuntary loss of bladder control. By measuring bladder volume before and after voiding, healthcare professionals can identify factors contributing to incontinence and tailor treatment plans accordingly.
3. Postoperative Monitoring: Bladder scanners play a vital role in postoperative care, especially after surgeries affecting the bladder or urinary system. They assess bladder volume to ensure proper bladder emptying and detect any complications, such as urinary retention or bladder injury.
4. Geriatric Care: Bladder scanners are commonly used in geriatric care facilities to monitor bladder function and manage urinary issues in older adults. They assist in identifying urinary retention, assessing bladder capacity, and implementing appropriate interventions to prevent complications.
5. Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction: Bladder scanners aid in the evaluation and management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. This condition can result from neurological disorders or injuries that affect bladder control. By measuring bladder volume and residual urine, healthcare professionals can guide treatment decisions and monitor the effectiveness of interventions.
6. Obstetrics and Gynecology: Bladder scanners are beneficial in obstetrics and gynecology settings, particularly during pregnancy and postpartum care. They help assess bladder volume and function, aiding in the management of conditions such as urinary incontinence and urinary retention related to pregnancy or childbirth.
7. Rehabilitation Facilities: Bladder scanners are utilized in rehabilitation settings to monitor bladder capacity and guide interventions for patients recovering from spinal cord injuries, stroke, or other conditions affecting bladder function. They assist in managing urinary incontinence and implementing appropriate bladder training programs.
8. Outpatient Clinics and Primary Care: Bladder scanners find applications in various outpatient clinics and primary care settings. They assist in diagnosing and managing common urinary conditions such as urinary tract infections, overactive bladder, and other urinary abnormalities.
9. Home Healthcare: Bladder scanners are becoming more accessible for use in home healthcare settings. They enable healthcare professionals to assess bladder volume, monitor urinary health, and make appropriate recommendations for patients who require ongoing care or have chronic bladder conditions.
Bladder scanners have become an invaluable tool in healthcare facilities, providing accurate measurements of bladder volume and assisting in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various urinary conditions. Their non-invasive nature, ease of use, and ability to enhance patient comfort make them a valuable resource for healthcare professionals across different specialties.
Cost and Availability
The cost and availability of bladder scanners can vary depending on several factors, including the brand, model, features, and the region or healthcare facility. Understanding the cost implications and availability is crucial for healthcare professionals considering the integration of bladder scanners into their practice. Here are some key aspects to consider:
Cost: The cost of bladder scanners can range from a few hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on the features and technology incorporated. Basic models, with fewer advanced features, tend to be more affordable, while those with additional capabilities and enhanced imaging quality may come with a higher price tag. Different funding options, such as capital expenditure budgets or equipment leasing, should be considered to manage the investment cost effectively.
Availability: Bladder scanners are widely available in healthcare markets, both through manufacturers and medical equipment suppliers. They can be purchased directly from manufacturers or distributors. Availability may vary depending on geographical location, healthcare facility type, and budgetary constraints. Larger healthcare facilities and urology departments are more likely to have bladder scanners readily available, while smaller clinics or primary care practices may have limited access due to cost or space restrictions.
Rental or Leasing Options: In some cases, healthcare facilities or clinics might choose to rent or lease bladder scanners instead of purchasing them outright. This option allows for more flexibility in terms of cost and availability. Rental agreements can be ideal for short-term needs, such as pilot programs or temporary usage, while leasing agreements enable longer-term access to the equipment without the burden of upfront costs.
Consideration of Long-Term Costs: It is important to evaluate the long-term costs associated with bladder scanners, including maintenance, servicing, and potential upgrades. Bladder scanners, like any medical equipment, may require periodic calibration, maintenance, and repairs to ensure accurate performance. Understanding the associated costs and considering these factors during the purchasing decision is essential for maximizing the value and longevity of the investment.
Insurance Coverage and Reimbursement: Healthcare facilities should review insurance coverage and reimbursement policies related to bladder scanning. The availability and level of reimbursement for bladder scanning procedures may vary depending on the region and healthcare system. Familiarizing oneself with the reimbursement landscape and ensuring compliance with insurance guidelines can help manage the financial aspects associated with bladder scanning.
Consideration of Technology Updates: As technology advances, new features and improvements are continually introduced in bladder scanning devices. When considering the cost and availability, it is important to assess the capability of the equipment to accommodate future technological advancements. Evaluating the likelihood of future upgrades and the capability of the equipment to integrate with evolving healthcare systems can help ensure long-term value and relevance of the bladder scanner.
Overall, the cost and availability of bladder scanners can vary significantly based on multiple factors. Evaluating the specific needs of the healthcare facility, considering budgetary constraints, exploring rental or leasing options, and understanding long-term costs and reimbursement considerations can guide healthcare professionals in making informed decisions regarding the adoption of bladder scanners.
Future Developments in Bladder Scanning Technology
The field of bladder scanning technology continues to evolve, with ongoing advancements aimed at improving accuracy, convenience, and patient outcomes. As technology progresses, several exciting developments and trends are emerging. Here are some future developments expected in bladder scanning technology:
Enhanced Imaging Quality: One major focus of future development in bladder scanning technology is improving imaging quality. Advancements in ultrasound technology will result in clearer and more detailed images of the bladder, allowing for better visualization and accurate volume calculations. High-resolution imaging capabilities will enhance the ability to identify bladder abnormalities and optimize treatment plans.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms is expected to play a significant role in bladder scanning technology. AI can assist in automating and standardizing the process, reducing operator variability and improving measurement accuracy. Machine learning algorithms can analyze a wide range of bladder images and data to optimize volume calculations, identify patterns, and enhance diagnostic capabilities.
Wireless and Portable Devices: Future bladder scanners are expected to become even more portable and wireless. Smaller, handheld devices with wireless connectivity will provide greater mobility, allowing healthcare professionals to perform scans at the bedside or in various healthcare settings. These portable devices will enhance convenience, speed, and accessibility, thereby benefiting patient care and workflow efficiency.
Quantitative Assessment of Bladder Function: Future bladder scanners will likely focus on quantitative assessment tools beyond volume measurements. These tools may include the evaluation of bladder wall thickness, bladder compliance, and detrusor muscle function. These quantitative assessments have the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and assist in tailoring treatment plans for different bladder conditions.
Integration with Electronic Medical Records: Bladder scanners of the future will likely integrate seamlessly with electronic medical records (EMRs) and health information systems. This integration will enable efficient data transfer, automated documentation, and streamlined communication between healthcare professionals. It will enhance the accessibility, reliability, and traceability of bladder scanning data, facilitating comprehensive patient care.
Telemedicine and Remote Monitoring: With the growth of telemedicine, future bladder scanners may facilitate remote monitoring of patients’ bladder function. Integrated telemedicine capabilities will enable healthcare professionals to remotely perform and interpret bladder scans, allowing for quick assessment, intervention, and follow-up care. It will provide increased access to specialized care for patients in remote areas or those with limited mobility.
Real-Time Feedback and Guidance: Future bladder scanners may offer real-time feedback and guidance to improve operator proficiency and measurement accuracy. Features such as on-screen prompts, user-friendly interfaces, and automated guidance systems will assist operators in achieving optimal scanning technique and positioning. This real-time feedback will further enhance the reliability and consistency of bladder scanning results.
Enhanced Privacy and Hygiene Measures: Future bladder scanners are expected to incorporate improved privacy and hygiene measures. Design features such as disposable probe covers, easy-to-clean surfaces, and touchless operation will minimize the risk of cross-contamination and strengthen infection control practices.
These anticipated developments in bladder scanning technology hold promising prospects for improving the accuracy, efficiency, and patient experience in bladder volume assessment. As technology continues to advance, healthcare professionals can look forward to enhanced tools and capabilities that will revolutionize bladder scanning and contribute to comprehensive urinary care.
