Technology

11 Best Flash Memory Cards for 2024

11-best-flash-memory-cards-for-2023

Introducing the top-rated flash memory cards for 2023! Whether you are a photographer, videographer, or simply someone who needs extra storage space for your digital files, these 11 best flash memory cards are here to meet your needs. With their high storage capacities, fast data transfer speeds, and reliable performance, these cards are the ultimate solution for capturing and preserving your precious memories. From renowned brands to innovative newcomers, this comprehensive list will guide you towards the most reliable and efficient flash memory cards available on the market today. Explore our selection and make the most informed choice for enhancing your digital storage capabilities in 2023.

Overall Score: 9/10

The SanDisk 32GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card is a professional-grade memory card designed for exceptional performance and durability. With read speeds of up to 120MB/s and write speeds of up to 85MB/s, it offers exceptional shot-to-shot performance. It also features VPG-20 technology for professional-grade video capture with a sustained data recording rate of 20MB/s. The card is built to last, with rigorous stress, shock, and vibration testing, as well as RTV silicone coating for protection against shock and vibration. Additionally, the card has a gold color and compact dimensions of 1.70Lx0.13Wx1.40H. Overall, it is a reliable and high-performance memory card perfect for professional photography and videography.

Key Features

  • Read speeds of up to 120MB/s
  • Write speeds of up to 85MB/s
  • VPG-20 technology for professional-grade video capture
  • Durable design with stress, shock, and vibration testing
  • RTV silicone coating for protection against shock and vibration

Specifications

  • Color: Gold
  • Dimension: 1.70Lx0.13Wx1.40H
  • Size: 1 Count (Pack of 1)

Pros

  • Exceptional shot-to-shot performance
  • Professional-grade video capture
  • Durable design
  • High read and write speeds
  • Ample storage capacity

Cons

  • Not compatible with retro computer projects
  • UDMA transfer speed could be better

The SanDisk 32GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card is a reliable and high-performance memory card perfect for professional photography and videography. Its exceptional shot-to-shot performance and professional-grade video capture capabilities make it highly valuable for professionals in the field. The durable design and rigorous testing ensure its reliability in various conditions. With high read and write speeds, ample storage capacity, and a reasonable price, this memory card is a solid choice for photographers and videographers. The only downside is its limited compatibility with retro computer projects and slight room for improvement in UDMA transfer speed. Overall, it delivers excellent performance and meets the needs of professional users.

Overall Score: 8.5/10

The 32GB Class 10 SDHC Flash Memory Card is a reliable and affordable storage solution for your digital devices. With a read speed of 60MB/s and write speed of 10MB/s, this memory card allows for quick picture shooting and file transfer. It is perfect for capturing full HD videos with its Class 10 speed rating. The rugged construction ensures durability and resistance to damage. Please note that this SDHC card is not compatible with mobile phones. It comes with a 3-year limited warranty and is only compatible with SDHC/SDXC host devices. Overall, this memory card offers solid quality and good value for your money.

Key Features

  • Full-size SD card, 32GB SDHC flash memory card 2 pack
  • Read speed: 60MB/s, Write speed: 10MB/s
  • Class 10 speed rating for full HD video recording
  • 3-Year Limited Warranty
  • Rugged construction for durability

Specifications

  • Color: Blue
  • Dimension: 1.97Lx1.77Wx0.63H
  • Size: 32GB x 2

Pros

  • Affordable and good value
  • Reliable performance
  • 3-year limited warranty
  • Rugged construction for durability

Cons

  • Not compatible with mobile phones
  • Not backwards compatible with legacy devices

The 32GB Class 10 SDHC Flash Memory Card by Micro Center is a solid choice for those in need of reliable and affordable storage for their digital devices. With its quick read and write speeds, it allows for smooth file transfer and full HD video recording. The rugged construction ensures durability, making it suitable for various environments. While it may not be compatible with mobile phones or legacy devices, it offers great value for your money with its 3-year limited warranty. Whether you need extra storage for your camera or other SDHC supporting devices, this memory card from Micro Center is a reliable option to consider.

Overall Score: 8.5/10

The COCOCKA USB 3.0 SD Card Reader is a versatile and efficient device that allows simultaneous reading and writing on two cards, avoiding the hassle of constantly unplugging and replugging. With USB 3.0 and USB C compatibility, it supports a wide range of memory cards including SD, SDXC, SDHC, MMC, TF, RS- MMC, Micro SD, Micro SDXC, Micro SDHC, and UHS-I cards. The card reader offers super speed data transfer rates of up to 5Gbps, making it quick and efficient. It is compatible with various devices including laptops, tablets, Android smartphones, and more. The plug and play feature eliminates the need for additional apps or drivers, and it requires no additional power supply or internet connection. The compact design saves equipment space, and the durable construction ensures long-term use. Please note that it is not compatible with iPhone or iPad.

Key Features

  • Double duty – simultaneous reading and writing on two cards
  • Super Speed – USB 3.0 for data transfer rates up to 5Gbps
  • Broad Compatibility – works with USB C devices, laptops, and Android smartphones
  • Plug and Play – easy to use and install
  • Save Equipment Space – playback videos and music directly from external memory

Specifications

  • Color: Usb c usb a 3.0
  • Dimension: 2.40Lx1.02Wx0.30H
  • Size: USB 3.0 black

Pros

  • Supports a wide range of memory cards
  • Quick and efficient data transfer
  • Compatible with various devices
  • Easy to use and install
  • Compact and durable design

Cons

  • Not compatible with i Phone or i Pad
  • USB C connector may not fit certain protective covers

The COCOCKA USB 3.0 SD Card Reader is a reliable and efficient device for reading and writing on memory cards. With its versatile compatibility, high-speed data transfer, and compact design, it offers great convenience for users. It is a valuable tool for photographers, videographers, and anyone who needs to transfer and manage data from multiple memory cards. The plug and play feature and lack of additional power or internet requirements make it incredibly easy to use. The only limitations are its incompatibility with iPhone or iPad and the possible issue of USB C connector fitting with certain protective covers. Overall, it is a reliable and practical choice for anyone in need of a card reader.

Overall Score: 8.8/10

The SanDisk 64GB Extreme PRO Compact Flash Memory Card is a high-performance memory card that is perfect for capturing cinema quality 4K and Full HD videos. With a transfer speed of up to 160MB/s for reading and a shot speed performance of up to 150MB/s for writing, this memory card is designed to increase workflow efficiency. The card is black in color and has a dimension of 0.14Lx1.68Wx1.41H. It offers a storage size of 64GB, providing ample space for all your media files. With excellent customer ratings and positive reviews, the SanDisk 64GB Extreme PRO Compact Flash Memory Card is a reliable and efficient choice for professional photographers and videographers.

Key Features

  • Records and captures cinema quality 4K and Full HD video
  • Transfer speed of up to 160MB/s read speeds
  • Shot speed performance of up to 150MB/s write speeds

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 0.14Lx1.68Wx1.41H
  • Size: 64GB

Pros

  • Fast transfer speeds for efficient workflow
  • Reliable and trustworthy brand
  • Great storage capacity for media files

Cons

  • Not compatible with all camera models
  • May have gaps in video recording

The SanDisk 64GB Extreme PRO Compact Flash Memory Card is a top choice for professional photographers and videographers seeking reliable and efficient storage for their high-quality media files. With impressive transfer and shot speed performance, this memory card ensures fast and seamless data handling. The 64GB storage capacity provides ample space for capturing and storing numerous videos and photos. While the card may not be compatible with all camera models and there may be occasional gaps in video recording, its overall performance and positive customer reviews make it a recommended choice for those in need of a high-performance memory card.

Overall Score: 9.1/10

The SanDisk 128GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card is a high-performance storage solution designed for professional photographers and videographers. With read speeds of up to 120MB/s and write speeds of up to 85MB/s, this memory card offers exceptional shot-to-shot performance. It also features professional-grade video capture capabilities, ensuring a smooth and unbroken video stream with a sustained data recording rate of 20MB/s. The durable design of the card, backed by rigorous stress, shock, and vibration testing, includes an RTV silicone coating for protection against shock and vibration. Additionally, it operates reliably in nearly any climate, with a temperature range of -13 to 185 degrees Fahrenheit. If you need a high-capacity, high-performance memory card for your professional photography or videography needs, the SanDisk 128GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card is an excellent choice.

Key Features

  • Exceptional Shot to Shot Performance
  • Professional Grade Video Capture
  • Durable Design
  • Operates in Nearly Any Climate

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 0.14Lx1.68Wx1.41H
  • Size: 1 Count (Pack of 1)

Pros

  • Read speeds of up to 120MB/s
  • Write speeds of up to 85MB/s
  • Sustained data recording rate of 20MB/s
  • Rigorous stress, shock, and vibration testing
  • Operating temperature range of -13 to 185 degrees Fahrenheit

Cons

  • Possibility of card corruption
  • Limited product support window

The SanDisk 128GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card is a top-tier choice for professional photographers and videographers. Its exceptional performance, durability, and versatility make it an essential tool for capturing high-quality images and videos. With impressive read and write speeds, reliable video recording, and the ability to withstand extreme conditions, this memory card delivers on all fronts. While there might be a slight risk of card corruption, the overall consensus is extremely positive, with customers praising its reliability and storage capacity. The SanDisk 128GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card is worth the investment for anyone in need of a high-capacity and high-performance memory card.

Overall Score: 9/10

The SanDisk 64GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card is a professional-grade storage solution with exceptional shot to shot performance. With read speeds of up to 120MB/s and write speeds of up to 85MB/s, it enables users to capture high-quality photos and record smooth videos. The VPG-20 technology ensures a sustained data recording rate of 20MB/s, making it perfect for professional video capture. The memory card features a durable design that has undergone stress, shock, and vibration testing, and it includes an RTV silicone coating for protection. With its 64GB storage capacity, this CompactFlash card is ideal for photographers and videographers who require ample storage for their media files. However, it's important to note that some card readers may not support CompactFlash cards, so compatibility should be considered. Overall, the SanDisk 64GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card offers excellent performance, reliability, and durability.

Key Features

  • Exceptional Shot to Shot Performance – Read speeds of up to 120MB/s and write speeds of up to 85MB/s
  • Professional-Grade Video Capture – VPG-20 ensures sustained data recording rate of 20MB/s for a smooth and unbroken video stream
  • Durable Design – Backed by rigorous stress, shock, and vibration testing and includes RTV silicone coating for protection against shock and vibration

Specifications

  • Color: Gold
  • Dimension: 0.14Lx1.68Wx1.41H
  • Size: 1 Count (Pack of 1)

Pros

  • Fast performance with high read and write speeds
  • Ideal for professional video capture
  • Durable design ensures protection against shock and vibration
  • Ample 64GB storage capacity for media files

Cons

  • Compatibility issues with some card readers
  • Limited use for devices that do not support Compact Flash cards

The SanDisk 64GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card offers exceptional performance and reliability for photographers and videographers. With impressive read and write speeds, it allows for quick and efficient data transfer, ensuring smooth video recording and high-quality photo capture. The VPG-20 technology guarantees a sustained data recording rate, essential for professional video shoots. The durable design with stress, shock, and vibration testing provides added protection, making it suitable for use in challenging environments. The 64GB storage capacity offers ample space for media files, allowing users to shoot for extended periods without needing to upload data. However, potential buyers should ensure compatibility with their devices, as some card readers may not support CompactFlash cards. Overall, the SanDisk 64GB Extreme CompactFlash Memory Card is a reliable and high-performance storage solution.

Overall Score: 7/10

The Original 2GB CompactFlash Memory Card is a reliable and affordable option for digital devices. With compatibility with all CompactFlash devices, this flash memory card is perfect for storing and transferring data. It has a compact design and a capacity of 2GB, providing ample storage space. The card is black in color and measures 1.69Lx1.42Wx0.13H in dimensions. It is a practical and convenient choice for users who don't require excessive capacity but still need reliable storage for their digital files. However, be aware that it is not suitable for storing crucial data due to its non-brand name. Overall, the Original 2GB CompactFlash Memory Card offers decent performance and value for basic storage needs.

Key Features

  • Compatible with all Compact Flash devices
  • Flash memory card for digital devices
  • Compact Flash memory card
  • Cf 2gb

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 1.69Lx1.42Wx0.13H

Pros

    Cons

      The Original 2GB CompactFlash Memory Card is a reliable and affordable option for basic storage needs. While it may not be suitable for storing important data due to its non-brand name, it offers decent performance and value. With its compatibility with all CompactFlash devices and a capacity of 2GB, it is a practical choice for those who require reliable storage but don’t need excessive capacity. Whether you need to store photos, videos, or other digital files, this memory card can fulfill your basic storage requirements. Overall, it is a good option for users who want an affordable and reliable solution for their digital storage needs.

      Overall Score: 8/10

      The PNY 128GB Premier-X Class 10 U3 V30 microSDXC Flash Memory Card is a high-performance storage solution for various devices. With its Class 10, U3, V30 speed class performance, it offers fast and smooth burst mode HD photography and 4K Ultra HD videography. The included A1 App Performance enables faster app launch and performance, making it ideal for Android smartphones and tablets. The reliable and durable design ensures protection against magnets, shocks, temperature, and water. With the included SD adapter, it is also compatible with DSLR cameras, video cameras, desktops, and laptops. Overall, this microSDXC flash memory card provides ample storage capacity and performance for capturing and transferring videos, photos, music, and more.

      Key Features

      • Class 10, U3, V30 speed class performance
      • Read speeds up to 100MB/s
      • A1 App Performance for faster app launch
      • Compatibility with various devices
      • Reliable & Durable design

      Specifications

      • Color: Black
      • Dimension: 5.28Lx3.91Wx0.45H
      • Size: 128GB

      Pros

      • Fast and smooth burst mode HD photography and 4K videography
      • A1 App Performance for faster app launch
      • Reliable and durable design
      • Compatibility with various devices
      • Ample storage capacity

      Cons

      • Only one included adaptor
      • May not work with all dash cams

      The PNY 128GB Premier-X microSDXC Flash Memory Card offers excellent performance and reliability for capturing and transferring videos, photos, and more. Its fast read speeds, A1 App Performance, and compatibility with various devices make it a versatile storage solution. The reliable and durable design ensures protection against various hazards. While it may have limitations such as the inclusion of only one adaptor and potential incompatibility with certain dash cams, it is still a great choice for those seeking ample storage capacity and performance. Overall, the PNY 128GB Premier-X microSDXC Flash Memory Card provides reliable storage for your digital media needs.

      Overall Score: 8.5/10

      The Verbatim 4GB CompactFlash Memory Card is a reliable and high-performance storage solution. With its fully erasable design, it offers flexibility for a variety of applications. Its high-performance controller ensures smooth and efficient operation, making it suitable for demanding tasks. The memory card is rugged and can withstand up to 2000 g's of operating shock, providing durability for on-the-go use. Additionally, its low power consumption extends battery life for efficient use. This black memory card is designed with a compact form factor, making it compatible with a wide range of devices. Overall, the Verbatim 4GB CompactFlash Memory Card offers reliable performance and durability in a compact package.

      Key Features

      • Fully erasable
      • High Performance controller for demanding applications
      • Rugged – withstands up to 2000 g's operating shock
      • Low power consumption – Extends battery life

      Specifications

      • Color: Black
      • Dimension: 5.30Lx3.30Wx0.40H
      • Size: 1 Count (Pack of 1)

      Pros

      • Reliable and high-performance storage solution
      • Fully erasable for flexibility
      • Rugged and durable design
      • Low power consumption for extended battery life

      Cons

      • Possibility of bad sectors
      • May have compatibility issues with certain devices

      The Verbatim 4GB CompactFlash Memory Card is a reliable choice for users in need of a high-performance storage solution. Its fully erasable design and rugged construction make it suitable for demanding applications, and its low power consumption ensures extended battery life. Despite the possibility of bad sectors and potential compatibility issues, this memory card offers reliable performance and durability. It is particularly useful in older devices or industrial machinery that require a compact storage format. Overall, the Verbatim 4GB CompactFlash Memory Card provides value for money and is a solid option for those seeking a dependable storage solution.

      Overall Score: 8/10

      The GYWY Extreme 16GB Compact Flash Memory Card is a high-performance storage solution for cameras and digital audio recorders. With UDMA 7 technology, it delivers a read transfer speed of up to 600x (60MB/s), ensuring quick and efficient data transfer. This compact flash card has a capacity of 16GB, providing ample storage space for your files. It is compatible with various devices and is built to withstand rigorous use. The card comes in a sleek black color and has compact dimensions of 1.69Lx1.42Wx0.13H, making it easy to carry around. Overall, the GYWY Extreme 16GB Compact Flash Memory Card is a reliable and efficient storage solution for professional photographers and audio enthusiasts.

      Key Features

      • High-speed performance – leverages UDMA 7 technology
      • 16GB Compact Flash Memory Card

      Specifications

      • Color: Black
      • Dimension: 1.69Lx1.42Wx0.13H

      Pros

      • High-speed transfer rate of 60MB/s
      • Compatible with various devices
      • Durable and reliable
      • Sleek and compact design

      Cons

      • Some users experienced formatting issues
      • Not compatible with all cameras

      The GYWY Extreme 16GB Compact Flash Memory Card is a solid choice for photographers and audio professionals in need of reliable storage. It offers impressive read transfer speeds and a decent storage capacity. The card’s compatibility with various devices and durable build make it a practical option for on-the-go usage. However, it’s important to note that there have been a few reports of formatting issues, so it may not be compatible with all cameras. Overall, if you’re looking for a high-performance compact flash card, the GYWY Extreme 16GB is worth considering.

      Overall Score: 8/10

      The Micro Center 32GB Class 10 Micro SDHC Flash Memory Card is a reliable and versatile storage solution for your mobile devices, drones, and full HD video recording. With a fast read and write speed, this memory card allows for quick and seamless transfer or storage of music, photos, videos, documents, and files. It is rated with UHS-I Speed Class 1 (U1) and Speed Class 10 (C10) for even and sustained video recording performance. The card is also durable, waterproof, shockproof, temperature proof, and X-ray proof. However, it is important to note that this microSDHC is not backwards compatible and may not be supported by legacy devices. Overall, this Micro Center memory card provides excellent value for its price and storage capacity.

      Key Features

      • 2-Pack micro SDHC Card with SD adapter
      • Fast Read Write Speed – 80MB/s read, 15MB/s write
      • Rated U1 and C10 for full HD video recording
      • 3-Year Limited Warranty
      • Rugged construction for durability

      Specifications

      • Color: 32GB – 2 pack
      • Dimension: 1.97Lx1.77Wx0.63H
      • Size: 32GB – 2 pack

      Pros

      • Fast transfer speed
      • Durable and reliable
      • Suitable for various devices
      • 3-year limited warranty
      • Good value for the price

      Cons

      • Not backwards compatible with legacy devices
      • May fail with long-term use in certain applications

      The Micro Center 32GB Class 10 Micro SDHC Flash Memory Card is an excellent option for those in need of reliable storage for their mobile devices, drones, and full HD video recording. With fast read and write speeds, durable construction, and a 3-year limited warranty, this memory card offers great value for its price. However, it is worth noting that it may not be compatible with older devices and could experience issues with long-term use in certain applications. Overall, it is a solid choice for anyone seeking a dependable and versatile microSDHC card.

      Flash Memory Cards Buyer's Guide

      Are you in need of extra storage space for your digital devices? Look no further than flash memory cards! Whether you're a professional photographer, a smartphone enthusiast, or an avid gamer, these compact and portable storage devices can be a lifesaver. In this comprehensive buyer's guide, we'll walk you through everything you need to know about flash memory cards, helping you make an informed decision. So, let's dive right in!

      Advantages of Flash Memory Cards

      • Portability: Flash memory cards are incredibly small and lightweight, making them easy to carry and transport.
      • Capacious: Despite their compact size, flash memory cards can offer large storage capacities, ranging from a few gigabytes to several terabytes.
      • Durability: These cards are designed to withstand harsh conditions, such as extreme temperatures, shocks, and even water damage, ensuring that your data remains safe.
      • Compatibility: Flash memory cards are compatible with a wide range of devices, including cameras, smartphones, tablets, drones, gaming consoles, and more.
      • Speed: Accessing and transferring data from a flash memory card is fast and efficient, allowing you to save time and keep up with your busy lifestyle.

      Types of Flash Memory Cards

      There are several types of flash memory cards available in the market, and choosing the right one depends on your specific needs. Here are the most common types:

      1. Secure Digital (SD) Cards: SD cards are widely used in digital cameras, camcorders, and laptops. They come in various sizes, including standard SD, microSD, and miniSD.
      2. Compact Flash (CF) Cards: Primarily used in professional cameras, CF cards offer larger storage capacities and high-speed data transfer rates, making them ideal for photographers and videographers.
      3. Memory Stick (MS) Cards: Developed by Sony, Memory Stick cards are often used in older digital cameras, Sony devices, and gaming consoles.
      4. eXtreme Digital (xD) Cards: Although less common these days, xD cards were once used in certain Olympus and Fujifilm cameras.

      Factors to Consider

      When buying a flash memory card, keep in mind the following factors to make an informed decision:

      • Storage Capacity: Determine how much storage space you require for your files, such as photos, videos, or documents. Consider your usage patterns and choose a card with adequate capacity.
      • Speed Class: Look for the speed class rating, which indicates the minimum sustained write speed of the card. Different devices have different speed requirements, so pick a card that suits your needs.
      • Device Compatibility: Ensure the flash memory card you choose is compatible with the device you intend to use it with. Check the manufacturer's specifications for compatibility information.
      • Reliability: Consider the brand's reputation for reliability and read customer reviews to ensure the card performs well and has a long lifespan.
      • Price: Compare prices from different brands and retailers to find the best bang for your buck. Remember, cheaper options may lack certain features or have slower speeds.

      Frequently Asked Questions about 11 Best Flash Memory Cards for 2023

      How do I format a flash memory card?

      To format a flash memory card, go to the settings menu of your device, locate the storage or memory settings, select the card, and choose the format option. However, be cautious as formatting erases all data on the card, so make sure to back up your important files before proceeding.

      Can I use the same flash memory card in different devices?

      In most cases, flash memory cards are interchangeable between devices. However, make sure to check the device’s specifications for compatibility and consider the required storage capacity and speed class for optimal performance.

      What is the difference between SD and microSD cards?

      SD (Secure Digital) cards are larger in size and commonly used in digital cameras and laptops. On the other hand, microSD cards are smaller and often used in smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices. You can use a microSD card with an SD card adapter in devices that accept SD cards.

      Is it possible to recover data from a damaged flash memory card?

      Depending on the extent of the damage, data recovery from a damaged flash memory card is sometimes possible. There are specialized data recovery services available, but they can be quite expensive. To prevent data loss, it’s recommended to regularly back up your files to another storage medium.

      Are there any precautions I should take while using a flash memory card?

      Yes, there are a few precautions to consider. Avoid exposing the card to extreme temperatures, water, magnets, and shocks. Always eject the card safely before removing it from a device, and try to keep it in a protective case when not in use.

      Q: Can I use a flash memory card as additional RAM for my computer?

      No, flash memory cards are not designed to be used as RAM (Random Access Memory) for computers. They serve as a form of non-volatile storage for files, while RAM provides temporary memory for running processes and applications. To enhance your computer’s performance, consider upgrading the RAM instead.

      Q: What should I do if my flash memory card gets corrupted?

      If your flash memory card gets corrupted, try using data recovery software to retrieve your files. Alternatively, you can format the card, but keep in mind that this will erase all data. If the card remains unresponsive or the issue persists, it may be necessary to replace it.

      Q: Can I use my flash memory card in a magnetic field?

      It is not recommended to use a flash memory card in a magnetic field as it can cause data corruption or loss. Magnets can disrupt the electrical charge stored in the card’s memory cells, leading to malfunction or permanent damage. Keep your card away from magnetic sources like speakers, hard drives, or magnetic cases.

      Q: How long do flash memory cards last?

      The lifespan of a flash memory card depends on several factors, including usage patterns, writing cycles, and the quality of the card. With normal usage, most cards can last several years. However, it’s advisable to periodically replace your card to ensure the safety of your data and the card’s performance.

      Q: Should I go for a higher speed class card even if my device doesn't require it?

      While it’s not necessary to choose a higher speed class card if your device doesn’t demand it, opting for a higher speed class can improve data transfer speed when using the card with a compatible device. If you plan to use the card in multiple devices or upgrade your device in the future, a higher speed class card may be a wiser investment.