Technology

11 Amazing Anker USB Hub for 2024

11-amazing-anker-usb-hub-for-2023

Introducing the ultimate guide to the "11 Amazing Anker USB Hub for 2023." With the increasing demand for efficient connectivity and seamless data transfer, Anker has emerged as a leading brand in the realm of USB hubs. In this comprehensive overview, we will delve into the top 11 Anker USB hubs that are set to dominate the market in 2023. Whether you are a tech enthusiast, a professional in need of multiple ports, or simply looking to enhance productivity, this expertly curated list will provide you with the most innovative and powerful options to meet your requirements. Prepare to explore the cutting-edge features, sleek designs, and unrivaled performance that make these Anker USB hubs stand out from the competition.

Overall Score: 8.5/10

The Anker 7-Port USB 3.0 Data Hub is a compact and lightweight device that allows you to conveniently add 7 USB 3.0 SuperSpeed ports to your PC. With data transfer rates of up to 5Gbps, you can enjoy faster sync times. It is backward compatible with USB 2.0 and 1.1 as well. The hub features a 7th data port that delivers BC 1.2 charging speeds of up to 2.1A, while the other 6 ports charge at speeds of up to 0.5A each. It comes with a high-grade chipset and a 36W adapter for steady operation. The hub supports plug-and-play and hot-swapping, and no installation of drivers is required. It also includes a 2.6-foot USB 3.0 cable and comes with an 18-month warranty.

Key Features

  • Compact palm-sized grip (4.3 × 1.7 × 0.9in) and lightweight design (2.9oz)
  • Easily add 7 USB 3.0 Super Speed ports to your PC
  • Data transfer rates of up to 5Gbps for faster sync times
  • 7th port delivers BC 1.2 charging speeds of up to 2.1A
  • High-grade chipset and 36W adapter for steady operation
  • Supports plug-and-play and hot-swapping
  • No installation of drivers required
  • Includes USB 3.0 cable and comes with an 18-month warranty

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 4.29Lx1.73Wx0.91H

Pros

  • Compact and lightweight design
  • Fast data transfer rates
  • Multiple charging ports with high-speed charging
  • Steady operation with high-grade chipset and adapter
  • Plug-and-play and hot-swapping support

Cons

  • Ports face the cords, making it inconvenient for some
  • No switches to turn off ports
  • Ports stay powered even when PC is turned off

The Anker 7-Port USB 3.0 Data Hub is a reliable and efficient solution for expanding your PC’s connectivity options. With its compact design, fast data transfer rates, and multiple charging ports, it offers great convenience and functionality. The hub’s high-grade chipset and adapter ensure steady operation, and the plug-and-play feature makes it easy to use. However, the design flaw of facing ports towards the cords and the lack of switches to turn off ports may be minor inconveniences for some users. Overall, this Anker USB 3.0 Data Hub is a solid choice for those in need of additional USB ports and efficient charging capabilities.

Overall Score: 8.3/10

The Anker 332 USB-C Hub is a versatile 5-in-1 connectivity device designed for MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Dell XPS, Lenovo Thinkpad, HP Laptops, and more. With a 4K HDMI port, 5 Gbps USB-C data port, two 5 Gbps USB-A ports, and a 100W PD-IN port, this hub provides powerful pass-through charging capabilities and fast file transfer speeds. You can also connect it to an external monitor in stunning 4K resolution. The hub comes in a sleek black color and has dimensions of 4.78Lx1.59Wx0.45H. It is backed by Anker's worry-free 18-month warranty and offers friendly customer service.

Key Features

  • 5-in-1 Connectivity
  • Powerful Pass-Through Charging
  • Transfer Files in Seconds
  • HD Display
  • What You Get

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 4.78Lx1.59Wx0.45H

Pros

  • Versatile connectivity options
  • Supports fast file transfer speeds
  • Allows for 4K resolution external display
  • Backed by worry-free warranty

Cons

  • Cable is inflexible
  • May have compatibility issues with certain devices

The Anker 332 USB-C Hub is a reliable and efficient accessory that expands the connectivity of your laptop. With its multiple ports and pass-through charging capabilities, it allows you to seamlessly connect various devices and transfer files at high speeds. The ability to stream or mirror content in 4K resolution is a great feature for multimedia enthusiasts. While the inflexible cable and potential compatibility issues are minor drawbacks, the overall performance and build quality of this hub make it a worthwhile investment. Whether you’re a MacBook Pro user or own a different laptop model, the Anker 332 USB-C Hub is a convenient solution for your connectivity needs.

Overall Score: 9.2/10

The Anker 4-Port USB 3.0 Ultra Slim Data Hub is a versatile solution for expanding your computer's USB ports. With its SuperSpeed Data capability, you can sync data at speeds up to 5Gbps, making it lightning fast for transferring files. This hub is designed to transform one USB port into four, providing you with more options for connecting your devices. Its extra tough build ensures heat resistance and incredible durability, making it a reliable choice. With the Anker Advantage, you can trust in the leading technology that powers over 65 million devices. The hub comes with a welcome guide, an 18-month warranty, and friendly customer service. Overall, the Anker 4-Port USB 3.0 Ultra Slim Data Hub is a reliable and convenient solution for expanding your USB capabilities.

Key Features

  • Super Speed Data up to 5Gbps
  • Transforms one USB port into four
  • Extra tough build for heat resistance and durability
  • Comes with welcome guide and 18-month warranty

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 103.00Lx30.00Wx10.00H
  • Size: 0.7 ft

Pros

  • Fast data transfer speeds
  • Easy to use and set up
  • Durable construction
  • Comes with warranty

Cons

  • Limited power capacity for multiple devices
  • May not support fast charging
  • Plastic material feels cheap

Overall, the Anker 4-Port USB 3.0 Ultra Slim Data Hub is a reliable and convenient solution for expanding your USB capabilities. With its fast data transfer speeds and easy setup, it provides a seamless experience for users. The durable construction ensures long-lasting performance, and the included warranty offers peace of mind. However, it is important to note the limited power capacity for multiple devices and the potential lack of support for fast charging. Additionally, some users may find the plastic material of the hub to feel cheap. Nevertheless, this hub is a great addition to any computer setup and offers great value for its functionality.

Overall Score: 8.3/10

The Anker 10 Port 60W Data Hub is a compact and powerful device that allows for high-speed data transfer and simultaneous charging of multiple devices. With 7 USB 3.0 ports and 3 PowerIQ charging ports, this hub is perfect for MacBook, Mac Pro/Mini, iMac, XPS, Surface Pro, iPhone, iPad, Galaxy Series, and more. The hub boasts advanced charging technology with Anker-exclusive PowerIQ, delivering the fastest possible charge. It also features a compact design, packing 60W of power into a device the size of a pen case. The Anker 10 Port 60W Data Hub comes with a 12V/5A AC power adapter, a USB 3.0 cable, and a worry-free 18-month warranty.

Key Features

  • Ultra fast data transfer of up to 5Gbps
  • 3 Power IQ charging ports for fastest possible charge
  • Compact design conserves space
  • Comes with AC power adapter and USB 3.0 cable

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 5.71Lx1.73Wx0.91H

Pros

  • High-speed data transfer
  • Fast charging technology
  • Compact and portable
  • Comes with AC power adapter
  • 18-month warranty

Cons

  • May have compatibility issues with certain devices
  • Short USB cable length

The Anker 10 Port 60W Data Hub is a reliable and powerful solution for those in need of extra USB ports and fast charging capabilities. With its compact design and advanced technology, it offers convenience and efficiency in one package. While some users reported compatibility issues with certain devices and a short USB cable length, overall, the hub has received positive reviews for its performance and reliability. With a score of 8.3 out of 10, the Anker 10 Port 60W Data Hub is a recommended choice for those looking to expand their connectivity options and charge their devices at optimal speeds.

Overall Score: 8.5/10

The Anker 555 USB-C Hub (8-in-1) is a versatile and powerful hub that expands the functionality of your USB-C port. With a variety of ports including USB-C Power Delivery, USB-A data ports, HDMI, Ethernet, and microSD/SD card reader, you can connect multiple devices and transfer files at high speeds. The hub supports 4K media display and high-speed pass-through charging. The Anker 555 USB-C Hub comes with a travel pouch and is backed by an 18-month warranty. It is a compact and convenient solution for MacBook Pro and other USB-C devices.

Key Features

  • Massive Expansion with 8-in-1 functionality
  • USB-C and USB-A data ports for high-speed file transfer
  • Supports 4K media display at 60Hz
  • High-speed pass-through charging
  • Compact design with travel pouch
  • Backed by 18-month warranty

Specifications

  • Color: Gray
  • Dimension: 4.76L x 2.17W x 0.60H

Pros

  • Versatile and convenient
  • High-speed file transfer
  • Supports 4K media display
  • Fast pass-through charging
  • Compact and travel-friendly
  • 18-month warranty

Cons

  • Difficult to read port labels
  • Requires additional power source for full functionality
  • Potential compatibility issues

The Anker 555 USB-C Hub (8-in-1) is a reliable and efficient solution for expanding the capabilities of your USB-C port. It offers a wide range of ports and features, allowing you to connect multiple devices and transfer files at high speeds. The hub’s compact design makes it perfect for travel, and the 18-month warranty provides peace of mind. While there are some minor drawbacks like the difficult-to-read port labels and the need for an additional power source, overall, the Anker 555 USB-C Hub delivers excellent performance. Whether you’re a professional user or a casual tech enthusiast, this hub is a worthy investment.

Overall Score: 8.5/10

The Anker 7-in-1 USB C Hub is a versatile and highly functional device that can significantly enhance the functionality of your MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, XPS, or other USB-C enabled devices. This 7-in-1 hub features a wide range of ports, including a 4K HDMI port, a 100W Power Delivery port, USB-C, and two USB-A 5Gbps data ports, as well as microSD and SD card readers. One of the standout features of this USB-C hub is its compact and portable design. The slim and sleek design makes it easy to take with you wherever you go, making it an excellent choice for those who travel frequently or work on the go. Additionally, the hub's aluminum exterior gives it a high-end look and feel that is both stylish and durable. The hub's 4K HDMI port allows you to connect your laptop to an external monitor or display, providing you with an immersive viewing experience with stunningly clear visuals. The 100W Power Delivery port is also highly convenient, as it allows you to charge your laptop while using the hub. This feature is especially useful for those who need to work for extended periods of time without having to worry about their laptop running out of power. Another great feature of this hub is its USB-C and USB-A 5Gbps data ports, which allow you to connect a wide range of devices, including external hard drives, cameras, and more. Additionally, the microSD and SD card readers provide fast and easy access to your files and data. Overall, the Anker 7-in-1 USB C Hub is a highly functional and convenient device that can significantly enhance the capabilities of your USB-C enabled devices. Its versatile range of ports, high-speed data transfer rates, and compact design make it an excellent choice for those who need to work on the go or want to connect their laptop to a range of devices.

Key Features

  • -7 ports in 1 compact hub: USB-C, 2 USB-A, HDMI, micro SD and SD card readers
  • -High-speed data transfer up to 5 Gbps
  • -4K HDMI output
  • -100W Power Delivery pass-through charging
  • -Premium aluminum casing

Specifications

  • Color: Gray
  • Dimension: 8.27Lx2.13Wx0.59H

Pros

  • Versatile and highly functional device for USB-C enabled devices
  • Compact and portable design for travelers
  • High-quality aluminum casing for a stylish and durable look
  • 4K HDMI output for immersive viewing experience
  • 100W Power Delivery port for convenient laptop charging
  • USB-C and USB-A data ports for connecting various devices
  • Fast and easy access to files with micro SD and SD card readers

Cons

  • Could have more USB-C plugins
  • May not read portable HHD or SSD
  • Cannot do two things at once (e.g., charge and read a card or USB)

The Anker 7-in-1 USB C Hub is a highly functional and convenient device that significantly enhances the capabilities of USB-C enabled devices. Its versatile range of ports, high-speed data transfer rates, and compact design make it an excellent choice for those who work on the go or want to connect their laptop to a variety of devices. With a sleek and durable aluminum casing, this hub offers a stylish look while ensuring longevity. The 4K HDMI output and 100W Power Delivery port add to the hub’s versatility, providing an immersive viewing experience and convenient laptop charging. Although it could have more USB-C plugins and the limitations of reading certain devices simultaneously, the Anker 7-in-1 USB C Hub remains an exceptional companion for seamless connectivity.

Overall Score: 8/10

The Anker 4-Port USB 3.0 Unibody Aluminum Portable Data Hub is a sleek and sturdy device that offers quick data transfer speeds. With its aluminum unibody design, it provides premium protection and a stylish look. The hub is versatile and portable, easily fitting in your pocket or securing to your desk. It is compatible with Macbook, Mac Pro / mini, iMac, XPS, Surface Pro, Notebook PC, USB Flash Drives, Mobile HDD, and more. The hub comes with a 2ft USB 3.0 cable and supports data transfer speeds of up to 5 Gbps. Overall, it is a convenient and reliable solution for expanding your device's connectivity.

Key Features

  • The Anker Advantage: Join the 50 million+ powered by our leading technology
  • Quick Sync: Enjoy data transfer speeds of up to 5 Gbps
  • Sleek and Sturdy: An aluminum unibody provides premium protection
  • Versatile and Portable: Easily pocketable, as small as a candy bar

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 3.35Lx1.77Wx1.06H

Pros

  • Quick data transfer speeds
  • Premium protection with sleek aluminum unibody design
  • Compact and portable
  • Easy to secure to your desk

Cons

  • Needs to be reset often
  • Intrusive logo on the product
  • Cable could be longer

The Anker 4-Port USB 3.0 Unibody Aluminum Portable Data Hub is a reliable and convenient solution for expanding your device’s connectivity. It offers quick data transfer speeds and comes in a sleek and sturdy design. The compact and portable nature of the hub makes it easy to carry around, whether you’re using it with a Macbook, PC, or other compatible devices. It provides premium protection with its aluminum unibody construction, and the included hook-and-loop strap allows for secure placement on your desk. Despite some minor drawbacks like the need for occasional resets and a shorter cable, this data hub is a great addition to any setup that requires additional USB ports.

Overall Score: 8/10

The Anker USB C Hub is a versatile 6-in-1 hub that provides multiple connectivity options for MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, iPad Pro, XPS, and more. It features a Power Delivery input port, HDMI port, Ethernet port, USB-C data port, and 2 USB data ports. With the HDMI port, you can connect to an external display in 4K resolution. The hub also supports powerful pass-through charging and comes with a travel pouch. It is backed by Anker's worry-free 18-month warranty and offers great customer service. Overall, the Anker USB C Hub is a reliable and convenient solution for expanding your device's connectivity capabilities.

Key Features

  • Equipped with Power Delivery input, HDMI, Ethernet, and USB ports
  • Supports high-speed pass-through charging
  • Allows connection to an external display in 4K resolution
  • Comes with a travel pouch and 18-month warranty

Specifications

  • Color: Gray

Pros

  • Versatile and reliable connectivity options
  • Sleek and compact design
  • High-speed pass-through charging
  • Supports 4K resolution display

Cons

  • HDMI port may have compatibility issues with certain devices
  • Ethernet port performance may vary
  • Limited number of USB ports

The Anker USB C Hub is a reliable and convenient option for expanding the connectivity capabilities of compatible devices. With its versatile range of ports and support for high-speed pass-through charging, it offers great convenience and functionality. The hub’s compact design and inclusion of a travel pouch make it ideal for on-the-go use. While some users have reported minor issues with the HDMI and Ethernet ports, overall, the hub performs well and delivers on its promises. With Anker’s reputable customer service and 18-month warranty, it provides peace of mind to users. If you’re in need of a reliable USB C hub, the Anker USB C Hub is definitely worth considering.

Overall Score: 9/10

The Anker USB C Hub is a versatile and compact hub designed specifically for the latest MacBook Air and MacBook Pro models. It expands your MacBook's ports with 1 multi-function USB-C port, 1 USB-C data port, 2 USB-A ports, 1 HDMI port, 1 SD card slot, and 1 microSD card slot—all in one hub. With high-speed charging power up to 100W, lightning-fast data transfer up to 40 Gb/s, and media display at resolutions up to 5K, this hub offers impressive performance. The HDMI port supports 4K@60Hz resolution, and the multi-function port supports 5K@60Hz. Its sleek design and compatibility with the MacBook's MagSafe port make it a convenient and essential accessory for MacBook users.

Key Features

  • Designed for the Latest Mac Books
  • Massive Expansion with multiple ports
  • High-Speed, High-Def capabilities
  • Multi-Monitor Display support
  • Includes Anker 547 USB-C Hub, welcome guide, warranty

Specifications

  • Color: Gray
  • Dimension: 0.00Lx0.00Wx0.00H

Pros

  • Sleek and compact design
  • Impressive port expansion
  • Supports high-speed charging and data transfer
  • Allows for multi-monitor display

Cons

  • Blocks the Mac Book Pro's headphone jack
  • Fits only on one side of the Mac Book
  • USB-C ports positioned close to the edge
  • May not fit with certain Mac Book cases

The Anker USB C Hub offers a comprehensive range of ports, high-speed performance, and a sleek design that complements MacBook models. It is a must-have accessory for MacBook users who need to expand their connectivity options. While it has a few minor flaws like obstructing the headphone jack and limited compatibility with certain cases, its overall quality and functionality make it an excellent choice. With Anker’s reputation for producing reliable and high-quality technology products, users can expect a durable and efficient USB C hub. Whether for traveling or office use, the Anker USB C Hub is a reliable companion.

Overall Score: 8.5/10

Enhance your laptop's capabilities with the Anker USB C Hub, PowerExpand 6-in-1 USB-C Adapter. This hub features a USB-C Power Delivery input port, 2 USB-A data ports, an HDMI port, an SD card slot, and a 3.5 mm audio jack. With a max file transfer speed of 10 Gbps, you can transfer a 20 GB file in just 16.4 seconds. It also supports pass-through charging with a maximum 85W of power delivery. The HDMI port allows you to mirror or extend your display at resolutions of up to 4K@60Hz. With its sleek gray color and compact design, this hub is perfect for MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, XPS, and more. Score: 8.5/10

Key Features

  • 6-in-1 hub with USB-C, USB-A, HDMI, SD card, and audio ports
  • Transfer files at a max speed of 10 Gbps
  • Supports pass-through charging up to 85W
  • Connect to an external monitor at up to 4K@60Hz
  • Comes with a travel pouch and friendly customer service

Specifications

  • Color: Gray
  • Dimension: 4.25Lx2.17Wx0.55H

Pros

  • High-quality construction from Anker
  • Fast file transfer
  • Supports various laptop models
  • Compact and portable design

Cons

  • Short cable length
  • HDMI signal instability
  • Power consumption and slow charging

Overall, the Anker USB C Hub, PowerExpand 6-in-1 USB-C Adapter offers a convenient solution for expanding the capabilities of your laptop. With its multiple ports and fast transfer speeds, it provides flexibility and efficiency. The hub’s compact design and included travel pouch make it easy to carry around. However, the short cable length and occasional HDMI signal instability are minor drawbacks. Additionally, the power consumption and slow charging may affect heavy usage scenarios. Nevertheless, with its high build quality and compatibility with various laptop models, this hub is a reliable choice for users seeking to enhance their productivity and connectivity.

Overall Score: 8/10

The [Upgraded Version] Anker USB 3.0 SuperSpeed 10-Port Hub is the perfect solution for expanding the USB capabilities of your PC. With 10 USB 3.0 ports, you can enjoy high-speed data transfer rates of up to 5Gbps, allowing for faster sync times. The 10th port even supports BC 1.2 charging, delivering speeds of up to 2 amps. The hub comes with a high-power 60W adapter, ensuring stable data transfer. It also features a built-in surge protector to keep your devices safe. Installation is a breeze, as no drivers are required for Windows and Mac OS. With its sleek design and reliable performance, this Anker USB 3.0 SuperSpeed 10-Port Hub is a great addition to any tech setup.

Key Features

  • Easily add 10 USB 3.0 Super Speed ports to your PC
  • 10th port delivers BC 1.2 charging speeds of up to 2 amps
  • High-power 60W adapter ensures stable data transfer
  • Built-in surge protector to keep your devices safe
  • No installation of drivers required for Windows and Mac OS

Specifications

  • Color: Black
  • Dimension: 1.73Lx5.71Wx0.91H
  • Size: USB 2.0 Hub

Pros

  • Easy setup and fast data transfer
  • Multiple charging ports with high power output
  • Built-in surge protector for device safety
  • Compatible with both Windows and Mac OS

Cons

  • Expensive compared to other options
  • Price has increased since initial purchase

Overall, the [Upgraded Version] Anker USB 3.0 SuperSpeed 10-Port Hub offers an excellent solution for expanding USB connectivity. It provides fast data transfer speeds, multiple charging ports, and a built-in surge protector for device safety. While it may be more expensive compared to other options, the hub’s performance and compatibility with both Windows and Mac OS make it worth considering. The only downside is the increased price since initial purchase. Despite that, it remains a reliable choice for those in need of expanding their device connections.

Buyer's Guide: Anker USB Hub

Congratulations on your decision to buy an Anker USB hub! This buyer's guide will provide you with all the information you need to make an informed decision. Let's dive right in:

Key Considerations

Before purchasing an Anker USB hub, keep the following factors in mind:

  • Number of Ports: Determine how many devices you need to connect simultaneously and choose a hub that offers an adequate number of USB ports. Anker USB hubs typically come in 4, 7, or 10-port options.
  • USB Generation: Consider the USB generation you require. Anker offers both USB 3.0 and USB-C hubs. If you often transfer large files or use peripherals that require high data transfer speeds, opt for a USB 3.0 hub. If your devices have USB-C ports, consider a USB-C hub for seamless connectivity.
  • Power Delivery: Some Anker USB hubs provide power delivery to charge your devices while connected. If this is essential to you, ensure that the hub you choose supports the power requirements of your devices.
  • Size and Portability: If you frequently travel or prefer a clutter-free workspace, look for a compact and lightweight USB hub that is easy to carry. Anker offers portable options to suit your needs.
  • Design and Cable Length: Pay attention to the design and cable length of the USB hub. Consider whether you need a hub with a detachable cable or a fixed one. Make sure the cable length is sufficient to reach your devices comfortably.
  • Compatibility: Ensure that the Anker USB hub you choose is compatible with your devices – be it laptops, desktops, or other gadgets. Anker's hubs generally support a wide range of operating systems, but it's wise to double-check the compatibility list.

Features to Look for

When researching the Anker USB hub options, keep an eye out for the following features that can enhance your user experience:

  • Plug and Play: Select a hub that is easy to set up and doesn't require any additional software or drivers. Anker USB hubs are known for their hassle-free plug-and-play functionality.
  • High-Speed Data Transfer: Opt for a hub that supports high-speed data transfer rates for seamless file transfer or USB peripherals usage.
  • Compact and Sleek Design: Anker USB hubs are renowned for their sleek and minimalistic design. Choose a hub that complements your workspace aesthetics.
  • Integrated Charging: Certain Anker USB hubs come equipped with charging capabilities, allowing you to power up your devices even while using them.
  • Multi-Protect Safety System: Look for a hub that incorporates Anker's advanced safety features, such as surge protection, temperature control, and short circuit prevention, to ensure the safety of your devices.
  • LED Indicators: Some hubs have LED lights to indicate power or data transfer status, providing visual cues to enhance your user experience.
  • Stable and Secure Connection: Consider hubs with stable connectors, ensuring that your devices stay securely connected without any interruptions.

Frequently Asked Questions about 11 Amazing Anker USB Hub for 2023

Is the Anker USB hub compatible with Mac and Windows operating systems?

Yes, the majority of Anker USB hubs are compatible with both Mac and Windows operating systems. However, it is crucial to verify the compatibility list for the specific hub you are interested in.

Can I charge my devices while using the Anker USB hub?

Yes, certain Anker USB hubs support power delivery, enabling you to charge your devices even when connected to the hub. Review the hub’s specifications to confirm if it offers this feature.

How many USB ports do Anker USB hubs typically have?

Anker USB hubs are available in various configurations. The number of USB ports typically ranges from 4 to 10 ports, allowing you to connect multiple devices simultaneously.

Does Anker offer USB-C hubs?

Yes, Anker provides USB-C hubs for devices that use USB-C connectivity. These hubs ensure seamless connectivity with USB-C enabled laptops, tablets, and more.

Are Anker USB hubs compatible with gaming consoles and mobile devices?

Anker USB hubs are primarily designed for computer connectivity. While they may work with gaming consoles and mobile devices, it is always best to consult the specific product’s compatibility list to ensure proper functionality.